ExodusStudy Guide

Chapter 21

Themes, discussion questions, Christ connections, and denomination lenses.

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Scripture

KJV

1Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.

2If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

3If he came in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he were married, then his wife shall go out with him.

4If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself.

5And if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free:

6Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and he shall serve him for ever.

7And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do.

8If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.

9And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters.

10If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.

11And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.

12He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

13And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.

14But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.

15And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.

16And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.

17And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death.

18And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed:

19If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.

20And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.

21Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

22If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.

23And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

24Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.

27And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth, or his maidservant’s tooth; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.

28If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.

29But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death.

30If there be laid on him a sum of money, then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.

31Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.

32If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.

33And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

34The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.

35And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.

36Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his own.

Key VerseExodus 21:2

If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.

Overview

God gives Moses detailed civil laws governing the treatment of Hebrew servants, including provisions for their release in the seventh year and protections for female servants. Laws are given regarding personal violence: penalties for murder, manslaughter, striking or cursing a parent, kidnapping, and bodily injury. The principle of 'eye for eye, tooth for tooth' establishes proportional justice. Additional laws address the responsibility of owners for injuries caused by their oxen and for hazards on their property.

Key Themes

1

Justice and the Value of Human Life

These laws establish that every human life has value before God — whether servant or free, male or female — and that justice must be proportional, not excessive or arbitrary.

2

Protection of the Vulnerable

The laws regarding servants, women, and victims of violence show God's special concern for those who are most easily exploited in society.

3

Proportional Justice: Lex Talionis

The 'eye for eye' principle limits vengeance — punishment must fit the crime, preventing both unchecked revenge and dismissive leniency.

Study Questions

1.

How do the laws about Hebrew servants reflect God's concern for human dignity even within the social structures of the ancient world?

2.

What does the provision for a servant who chooses to remain with his master permanently (vv. 5-6) reveal about the nature of love and voluntary devotion?

3.

How does the 'eye for eye' principle (v. 24) function differently from personal revenge, and how does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:38-39 relate to it?

4.

What does the distinction between premeditated murder and accidental killing (vv. 12-14) teach about the importance of intention in moral and legal judgment?

5.

How do these detailed civil laws reflect God's character and His vision for a just society?

Connection to Christ

The servant who loves his master and chooses to have his ear pierced at the doorpost, saying 'I love my master... I will not go out free' (vv. 5-6), is a beautiful picture of Christ, who willingly took the form of a servant and gave Himself for His bride, the Church. Jesus fulfills the law's demand for justice by bearing the penalty we deserved.

Personal Reflection

Take time to journal or meditate on what God is teaching you through Exodus 21. How can these truths transform your thinking and actions today?

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