Chapter 23
Themes, discussion questions, Christ connections, and denomination lenses.
Just read this chapter →Scripture
KJV1Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors.
2Therefore David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah.
3And David’s men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?
4Then David enquired of the LORD yet again. And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand.
5So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.
6And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.
7And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars.
8And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.
9And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.
10Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.
11Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down.
12Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up.
13Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth.
14And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand.
15And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood.
16And Jonathan Saul’s son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.
17And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.
18And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.
19Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon?
20Now therefore, O king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him into the king’s hand.
21And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me.
22Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he dealeth very subtilly.
23See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of Judah.
24And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon.
25Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David: wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon.
26And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them.
27But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land.
28Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Selahammahlekoth.
29And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at Engedi.
“And Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.”
Overview
David rescues the city of Keilah from the Philistines after inquiring of the LORD, but when he learns through the ephod that Keilah's citizens would betray him to Saul, he flees. David and his men move through the wilderness, and Jonathan meets David at Horesh, strengthening his hand in God and acknowledging that David will be king. Saul pursues David relentlessly through the wilderness of Ziph and Maon, but is diverted at the last moment by a Philistine invasion.
Key Themes
Seeking God in Every Decision
David repeatedly inquires of the LORD before acting — a pattern of dependence on divine guidance that contrasts sharply with Saul's impulsive decision-making.
Jonathan Strengthens David's Faith
Jonathan's visit to David in the wilderness is a ministry of encouragement — he strengthens David's hand 'in God,' helping him hold on to God's promises during persecution.
Providential Deliverance
God's timing in sending a Philistine raid to divert Saul at the exact moment David is cornered demonstrates sovereign providence in protecting His anointed.
Study Questions
How does David's pattern of inquiring of the LORD (vv. 2, 4, 10-12) model decision-making for believers?
What does Jonathan's visit mean to David, and how does he 'strengthen his hand in God' (v. 16)?
Why would the people of Keilah, whom David just saved, betray him to Saul (v. 12)?
How does God's last-minute deliverance at Maon (vv. 27-28) build David's faith?
What does the betrayal by the Ziphites (v. 19) teach about the loneliness of faithfulness?
Connection to Christ
Jonathan strengthening David's hand 'in God' is a picture of the Holy Spirit's ministry of encouragement to Christ's followers in times of trial. David's rejection by those he saves (Keilah) foreshadows Christ's rejection by the very people He came to redeem. God's providential deliverance of David through unexpected means anticipates God's protection of Christ until 'his hour was come' (John 13:1).
Personal Reflection
Take time to journal or meditate on what God is teaching you through 1 Samuel 23. How can these truths transform your thinking and actions today?