Leviticus 18
Leviticus 18 begins not with a rule but with a relationship and a frame. I am the LORD your God (v. 2) - and then a line drawn between two lands: After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do (v. 3). Israel stands in the wilderness between a place they were brought out of and a place they are being brought into, and the LORD tells them they are to live like neither. The house of bondage behind them and the land of promise ahead both carry patterns of life that are not His. Israel is to belong to the One who claimed them: Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein: I am the LORD your God (v. 4).3
Then comes the promise that gives the chapter its weight and its title: Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them (v. 5). The law sets out its own terms in a single line - do these things, and live. What follows is a long, deliberately specific catalogue of boundaries set around the most intimate corners of human life: the lines that protect kin from being preyed upon, that guard the trust of marriage and the safety of the household, and that name the gravest violations soberly for what they are. The list is long because the stakes are high. These are the places where the strong can most easily exploit the weak, and the LORD draws His lines exactly there, around what is most vulnerable.
The chapter ends with a warning as sober as anything in Leviticus. The nations already in Canaan had made such practices their way of life, and the land could not hold them: the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants (v. 25). Sin is not a private matter with no consequence; it defiles, and a holy God will not look past it forever. Israel is warned to keep these statutes that the land spue not you out also (v. 28), for whosoever shall commit any of these abominations… shall be cut off (v. 29). And yet the very gravity of the warning points beyond itself - toward the deeper cleansing and the new heart by which a people could at last be made able to walk in the ways the law lays down.2
Tap any highlighted phrase to jump to the commentary that unpacks it.
Leviticus 18:1-5Which If a Man Do, He Shall Live in Them
1And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 2Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, I am the LORD your God. 3After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do: neither shall ye walk in their ordinances. 4Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein: I am the LORD your God. 5Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them: I am the LORD.
The chapter opens, as so much of Leviticus does, by grounding everything that follows in a single sentence: I am the LORD your God (v. 2). Before a single command is given, the relationship is named. The boundaries of this chapter do not arrive as the cold edicts of a distant lawgiver; they come from the One who has already redeemed this people and bound Himself to them. He is not merely the LORD in the abstract; He is the LORD your God - yours, in covenant, the One who brought you out. That makes the whole chapter an act of belonging rather than mere restriction. A people that belongs to God will live a certain way precisely because of whose they are. The same phrase will close the chapter (v. 30), so that everything in between is wrapped on both sides by the speaker's claim on His people. The rules are framed by a relationship; they are never severed from it.1
The frame is drawn between two lands, and Israel is told to live like neither: After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do: and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do (v. 3). The placement is exact. Israel stands in the wilderness with Egypt behind and Canaan ahead - the house of bondage they were brought out of, and the land of promise they are being brought into. Both, the LORD says, have patterns of living that are not His. The land you left is not your standard; the land you are entering is not your standard either. Neither shall ye walk in their ordinances (v. 3). It is a striking thing to say of the promised land itself - that its inhabitants' way of life is something to be unlearned, not absorbed. The people of God are not to take their cues from where they have been or from where they are going, but only from the One who goes with them. They belong to a different pattern: Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein (v. 4). To walk therein is the language of a whole way of life, not an occasional act of compliance. This is what it means to be a distinct people - shaped by God rather than by the surrounding culture, on either side.3
At the head of the chapter stands its most weighty promise: Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them: I am the LORD (v. 5). The logic is simple and sweeping. These are not arbitrary constraints; they are, the verse says, the very shape of life. To do them is to live in them - the statutes themselves become the space a person lives inside, the form of a flourishing human life. There is real goodness in this. God's design for the body, for marriage, for the household and the protection of the weak is not a cage drawn around life to make it smaller; it is the architecture of life itself, the structure within which people are safe and whole. But the verse also sets out the law's own terms with stark precision, and the rest of Scripture will hear them precisely as terms: do these things, and live by them. The promise of life is held out to the one who keeps the statutes - all of them, fully. That is the standard the law itself names, and it is a standard the whole chapter, in its sweep and exactness, refuses to soften. The reader is left to weigh both the goodness of the design and the height of the bar it sets.
Leviticus 18:6-18None of You Shall Approach to Any That Is Near of Kin
6None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD. 7The nakedness of thy father, or the nakedness of thy mother, shalt thou not uncover: she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. 8The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover: it is thy father's nakedness. 9The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or daughter of thy mother, whether she be born at home, or born abroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover. 10The nakedness of thy son's daughter, or of thy daughter's daughter, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover: for theirs is thine own nakedness. 11The nakedness of thy father's wife's daughter, begotten of thy father, she is thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness.
The catalogue opens with a single governing principle, stated once and then applied case by case: None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness: I am the LORD (v. 6). The phrase to uncover the nakedness of is the chapter's steady idiom for sexual relations, and the principle it serves is plain: the bonds of close family are not to become the occasion for sexual approach. The verses that follow work outward through the household - father and mother (v. 7), a father's wife (v. 8), sister and half-sister whether born at home, or born abroad (v. 9), granddaughter (v. 10), a sister by the father's remarriage (v. 11). What holds the list together is the protection of the household itself. The family is the first place a person learns whether the world is safe - the place where the young and the dependent are meant to be sheltered, not exposed; cared for, not used. Each relationship named is one of trust and nearness, and precisely because of that nearness it is fenced off. The repeated I am the LORD keeps the whole catalogue tethered to the One who speaks it: these are not the taboos of a culture but the boundaries of the God who designed the family to be a place of safety.3
12Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's sister: she is thy father's near kinswoman. 13Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister: for she is thy mother's near kinswoman. 14Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's brother, thou shalt not approach to his wife: she is thine aunt. 15Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter in law: she is thy son's wife; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness. 16Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: it is thy brother's nakedness. 17Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter, neither shalt thou take her son's daughter, or her daughter's daughter, to uncover her nakedness; for they are her near kinswomen: it is wickedness. 18Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister, to vex her, to uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her life time.
The list now widens beyond blood kin to the relationships marriage creates, and the same logic carries through. An aunt by blood (vv. 12-13) and an aunt by marriage (v. 14) are alike protected; so are a daughter-in-law (v. 15) and a brother's wife (v. 16). The boundary is no longer only about shared blood but about the trust that family ties carry. When a man marries, his wife's mother, his brother's wife, his son's wife all become kin to him - and that kinship, the chapter insists, is to be treated as real and inviolable. Verse 17 reaches further still, forbidding a man to take both a woman and her daughter or granddaughter, and names it flatly: it is wickedness. Verse 18 adds a boundary aimed at the peace of the home itself: a man is not to take his wife's sister as a rival wife to vex her… beside the other in her life time. The phrase to vex her is telling - the harm in view is the rivalry and grief such an arrangement would breed between sisters under one roof. Across all of it runs a single concern: the bonds that make a family a family - loyalty, trust, the safety of those within it - are not to be torn for the sake of desire. Marriage, in this chapter, is a covenant whose faithfulness holds an entire household together.
Leviticus 18:19-30The Land Itself Vomiteth Out Her Inhabitants
19Also thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is put apart for her uncleanness. 20Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour's wife, to defile thyself with her. 21And thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD. 22Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination. 23Neither shalt thou lie with any beast to defile thyself therewith: neither shall any woman stand before a beast to lie down thereto: it is confusion.
The chapter turns from the catalogue of kin to a further set of boundaries, named soberly and without elaboration. Verse 19 sets relations aside during a woman's time of uncleanness, a season already marked off in the purity laws of Leviticus 15 - the prohibition guards a time of particular vulnerability rather than treating it as shameful. Verse 20 names adultery: thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour's wife, to defile thyself with her. The word defile is the key. Adultery is not framed here as a private matter of feeling but as a defilement - of the neighbor's marriage, of the offender, of the trust that binds a community. It breaks a covenant that was never the two parties' alone to break. These verses share the texture of the whole chapter: each is stated plainly, fenced clearly, and left to stand on the authority of the One who speaks. The text does not linger; neither should the reader. It names what honors the design and what defiles it, and moves on.
Set in the midst of these boundaries is the gravest of them: thou shalt not let any of thy seed pass through the fire to Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD (v. 21). To make a child pass through the fire to Molech is to give that child up in sacrifice to a foreign god - the burning of one's own son or daughter in worship. It is named here for the abomination it is, and the text says no more than it must. Two things stand out. First, that the chapter places child sacrifice in the same catalogue as the violations of the household is itself a verdict: these are alike assaults on the sanctity of life and family, the strong devouring the most defenseless of all. Second, the command adds that to do this is to profane the name of thy God - to drag the holy name through the worst of human cruelty by attaching it, or any worship, to such an act. The God of Israel will not be honored by the destruction of the children He gives. Among all the boundaries of the chapter, none is darker, and the Scriptures will return to this sin again and again as among the things that most provoked the LORD's judgment on the land.
24Defile not ye yourselves in any of these things: for in all these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you: 25And the land is defiled: therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants. 26Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and my judgments, and shall not commit any of these abominations; neither any of your own nation, nor any stranger that sojourneth among you: 27(For all these abominations have the men of the land done, which were before you, and the land is defiled;) 28That the land spue not you out also, when ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you. 29For whosoever shall commit any of these abominations, even the souls that commit them shall be cut off from among their people. 30Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance, that ye commit not any one of these abominable customs, which were committed before you, and that ye defile not yourselves therein: I am the LORD your God.
The chapter ends with a warning unlike anything in its opening, and the governing word is defile. Defile not ye yourselves in any of these things: for in all these the nations are defiled which I cast out before you (v. 24). The boundaries just given are not, the text says, peculiar to Israel; the nations of Canaan are being driven out precisely because they made these practices their way of life. And then comes the chapter's most arresting image: the land is defiled: therefore I do visit the iniquity thereof upon it, and the land itself vomiteth out her inhabitants (v. 25). The picture is visceral and deliberate. Sin is not pictured here as a private act with no ripple beyond the person; it defiles - it spreads, it stains, it reaches the very ground. And a land so defiled cannot hold its people; it vomits them out, expelling what it can no longer bear. This is the chapter's sober truth about a holy God: He does not look past sin forever. Iniquity has consequences woven into the order of things and consequences He Himself brings - I do visit the iniquity thereof upon it. Holiness is not a matter of indifference to Him, and a people that makes abomination its custom cannot expect the world to absorb it without end.3
The warning turns directly on Israel: the same land that spued out the nations before them will not spare them if they walk in the same customs. That the land spue not you out also, when ye defile it, as it spued out the nations that were before you (v. 28). It is a remarkable thing to say to a people on the threshold of the promised land - that the gift of the land is not unconditional, that the ground itself responds to how they live upon it. The same standard binds any of your own nation and any stranger that sojourneth among you (v. 26); there is no inner circle exempt from it. And the personal cost is named: whosoever shall commit any of these abominations… shall be cut off from among their people (v. 29). To be cut off is to be severed from the very community God gave a person to belong to - the breaking of the kinship bonds the whole chapter has labored to protect. Then the closing word returns to where the chapter began: Therefore shall ye keep mine ordinance… I am the LORD your God (v. 30). The catalogue opened with that name (v. 2) and now closes with it. Everything between the bookends - every boundary, every warning - rests on the authority and the claim of the One who speaks: He is the LORD, and they are His.
Further study
- The Hebrew text of Leviticus 18 with Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and other classical commentators side by side - useful for the promise vachay bahem (v. 5, “he shall live in them”), for the idiom to uncover nakedness that orders the catalogue of forbidden relations, and for toevah (v. 22, “abomination”), the word for what defiled the land.
- Leviticus 18 ↔ Romans 10 · Galatians 3 · Ezekiel 36 · 1 Peter 1Intertextual BibleTraces the threads tying Leviticus 18 to the rest of Scripture - the “do and live” of verse 5 cited by Paul (Rom. 10:5; Gal. 3:12), the call to be unlike the nations read beside be ye holy; for I am holy (1 Pet. 1:15-16), and the warning of a defiled land set against the promised new heart of Ezekiel 36:26-27.
- Leviticus 18 - Translators' NotesNET BibleThe NET Bible's detailed footnotes on Leviticus 18 - the frame contrasting Egypt and Canaan (vv. 2-4), the recurring Hebrew idiom rendered “uncover the nakedness of” in the catalogue of verses 6-18, and the imagery of a land “vomiting out” its inhabitants in verses 25 and 28.
Where this echoes in Scripture
Which If a Man Do, He Shall Live in Them
- Romans 10:4-5For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness... Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them.The apostle citing verse 5 directly - the law’s “do and live” met in Christ, the end of the law for righteousness.
- Galatians 3:11-12The just shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them.Verse 5 set beside Habakkuk - the law’s “do and live” over against the promise of life by faith.
- Ezekiel 20:11And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them.The prophet taking up the very words of verse 5 - the statutes given as the way of life.
- 1 Peter 1:15-16But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.The call of verses 2-4 carried into the New Testament - a people belonging to God, marked off by holiness.
- Matthew 5:17Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.The One who answers verse 5’s “do and live” - not setting the law aside but fulfilling it whole.
None of You Shall Approach to Any That Is Near of Kin
- Genesis 2:24Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.The design these boundaries protect - the one-flesh union of marriage, fenced from every rival claim.
- Leviticus 20:11-21And the man that lieth with his father’s wife hath uncovered his father’s nakedness...The companion chapter - the same relations named again, with the penalties attached.
- 1 Corinthians 5:1It is reported commonly that there is fornication among you... that one should have his father’s wife.The boundary of verse 8 still binding in the church - a violation the apostle calls intolerable.
- Deuteronomy 27:20-23Cursed be he that lieth with his father’s wife... Cursed be he that lieth with his sister...The same household boundaries of verses 7-17 sworn under covenant curse at Ebal.
- Malachi 2:14-15the LORD hath been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth... that he might seek a godly seed.The faithfulness of marriage that verses 16-18 guard - a covenant the LORD Himself witnesses.
The Land Itself Vomiteth Out Her Inhabitants
- Ezekiel 36:25-27A new heart also will I give you... And I will put my spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes.The promise that answers the chapter - the cleansing and new heart the law could command but not give.
- Leviticus 18:5 / Romans 10:5which if a man do, he shall live in them... The man which doeth those things shall live by them.The chapter’s own promise carried forward - the law’s “do and live,” met at last in Christ.
- 2 Kings 17:7-8the children of Israel had sinned against the LORD... and walked in the statutes of the heathen, whom the LORD cast out.The warning of verse 28 come true - Israel carried out of the land for the defilements named here.
- 1 Corinthians 6:19-20know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you... therefore glorify God in your body.The body as God’s dwelling - the deepest ground for the holiness this chapter draws around it.
- Titus 3:5according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.The washing and renewing the chapter’s warning points toward - cleansing for the defiled.