Painter of the Bible
Alessandro Algardi
Alessandro Algardi was the principal Italian Baroque sculptor of his generation alongside (and in close stylistic rivalry with) Gian Lorenzo Bernini, whose monumental ascendancy in Roman papal sculpture defined the seven…
Life & work
Alessandro Algardi was the principal Italian Baroque sculptor of his generation alongside (and in close stylistic rivalry with) Gian Lorenzo Bernini, whose monumental ascendancy in Roman papal sculpture defined the seventeenth-century Italian sculptural tradition. Born in Bologna in 1598, trained in his native city in the workshop of Ludovico Carracci before moving to Rome around 1625, he became the principal Roman alternative to Bernini under Pope Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, who pointedly turned away from his predecessor Urban VIII Barberini's enthusiasm for Bernini and built Algardi's career as a Roman alternative). He died in Rome in 1654.
His Christian religious sculpture is concentrated in major papal commissions and altarpiece relief sculpture for the Roman churches and the Vatican. The great altar relief of Pope Leo I Repulsing Attila in the Cappella della Madonna della Colonna of Saint Peter's Basilica (1646–1653 — a vast marble high relief depicting the legendary 452 meeting in which Pope Leo the Great turned back Attila and his Hunnic invasion of Italy through divine intervention, with Saints Peter and Paul appearing in the sky above the meeting) is widely held to be Algardi's masterpiece and one of the supreme statements of seventeenth-century Roman Baroque relief sculpture. The funerary monument of Pope Leo XI in Saint Peter's (the Della Rovere Pope of just twenty-seven days in 1605, whose monument Algardi completed in 1644 in a particularly restrained classicizing manner that distinguished his approach from Bernini's more dramatic papal monuments), the standing portrait sculpture of Pope Innocent X (multiple versions in marble and bronze), and the great seated Saint Philip Neri marble in the Roman Filippini house anchor the major sculptural commissions.
His personal sculptural style — combining Bolognese classicizing figural discipline with the warm narrative emotional intensity of the early Roman Baroque — gave him a distinctive position as the principal Roman sculptural alternative to Bernini's more dramatic Baroque manner. The two sculptors maintained a genuinely cordial professional relationship despite the inevitable rivalry produced by the alternating papal patronage of their respective styles.
He was also a major designer of small bronze devotional sculpture for the Roman aristocratic and ecclesiastical collectors — the small Christ on the Cross compositions, the small Madonna and Child sculptures, and the small bronze portrait busts produced in workshop variants for the Roman seventeenth-century clientele. He was buried in San Giovanni dei Bolognesi, the Bolognese national church in Rome.
Notable works in detail
The Holy Family with Two Angels
The Holy Family with Two Angels, modeled by Alessandro Algardi around 1640 in terracotta and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, is a small bozzetto (preparatory clay model) for one of his many religious sculptural compositions. The figures show the seated Virgin holding the Christ Child, with Joseph standing in formal attendance and two small attending angels at the upper register. The terracotta surface — modeled with rapid confident touches of the sculptor's fingers and small wooden tools — demonstrates Algardi's characteristic preparatory working method: small clay studies (bozzetti) refined into larger marble or bronze sculptures for the Roman papal and aristocratic patronage. Algardi's bozzetti survive in significant numbers across the major European and American collections and are among the principal records of his Roman seventeenth-century sculptural workshop method.
Madonna and Child, modeled by Alessandro Algardi around 1630 in glazed and gilded plaster and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, is one of the small relief Madonna compositions Algardi produced in his early Roman workshop years. The composition shows the Virgin in three-quarter view holding the Christ Child against her chest, the figures rendered in shallow relief with the soft sculptural modeling that defined Algardi's mature manner. The polychrome surface — flesh tones for the figures with gilded haloes and decorative borders — derives from the Florentine Della Robbia tradition that Algardi had absorbed during his Bolognese training before his Roman move.
Christ at the Column, modeled by Alessandro Algardi around 1630 in bronze and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, depicts the iconographic subject of the scourging of Christ — the moment from the Passion narratives in which Christ, bound to the column in the courtyard of the Praetorium, is whipped by Roman soldiers. Algardi shows the half-naked figure of Christ standing with his hands bound at the column, his head fallen forward, the muscular body modeled with the dramatic Caravaggesque compositional discipline that the Bolognese-Carracci tradition had refined. The small bronze is one of dozens of devotional sculptural compositions Algardi produced for Roman aristocratic and ecclesiastical patrons in workshop variants across his career.
Baptism of Christ, modeled by Alessandro Algardi around 1650 in bronze and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, depicts the moment from Matthew 3 in which John the Baptist baptizes Christ in the river Jordan. The composition shows Christ standing with hands folded in prayer; the Baptist on the left pours water from a small shell over Christ's head; the small Holy Spirit descends as a dove on a beam of light from the upper register. The small bronze is one of Algardi's standard devotional sculptural compositions and demonstrates his characteristic ability to translate the dramatic Roman Baroque compositional vocabulary into the small-format bronze devotional medium.
The rest on the flight into Egypt
The Rest on the Flight into Egypt, modeled by Alessandro Algardi around 1650 in bronze and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, depicts the apocryphal subject of the Holy Family pausing in their flight from King Herod's persecution. The composition shows the seated Virgin holding the swaddled Christ Child in tender embrace, Joseph waiting beside the small donkey, the small attending angel descending from the upper register with a small vessel. The small bronze is one of dozens of devotional sculptural compositions Algardi produced for Roman aristocratic and ecclesiastical patrons in workshop variants and small-format bronze editions across his entire career.
